what opportunities does jurua river give to people

Abstract

The Amazon hosts a large biological and cultural multifariousness with a deeply established knowledge of natural resources management. Nonetheless, many parts of the Amazon are increasingly urban, lacking basic urban services, such as waste direction. In this context, the design of new development pathways based on the principles of the round economy is a promising alternative to align biodiversity conservation and urban changes. Here, based on an analysis of Carauari municipality in the western Brazilian Amazon, we discuss how the principles of the circular economy can be integrated in the Amazonian urban development frontline using the existing co-management organizations.

Introduction

Despite the vastness of the largest tropical forest on Earth, many parts of the Amazon are inherently urban, and not necessarily sustainable. For example, while 57% of the population of the Brazilian State of Amazonas was urban in 1980, this jumped to 78% by 2010ⁱ. Still, the State of Amazonas has dismaying levels of accessibility for some basic urban services. In 2018, eighty% of the urban population had access to treated water, just but 10% had sewage systemsⁱⁱ. In the aforementioned year, the drove of solid waste reached 63% of the unabridged population, but separation at source for recyclable materials was available merely in 11% of the municipalities. Some 86% of municipalities sent their waste product to exist dumped in open landfillsⁱⁱⁱ. The region is also characterized by many pocket-size informal urban settlements spreading along with the vast network of rivers.

In this essay, we discuss the possibilities available to ensure a more sustainable pathway for urban Amazon via the principles of circular economy (CE), by analyzing opportunities for improving solid waste management through the re-use of by-products of natural resources used in the value bondage. The CE framework can be fundamental to biodiversity conservation and urban management conciliation with local well-beingness. There are several reasons for this. Kickoff, the remoteness of some pocket-sized urban communities, added to the lack of roads and transport systems, makes traditional waste drove and disposal systems difficult to implement in the Amazon. Second, the low population density in nearly of the Amazon leads to loftier costs for waste management systems in a region that lacks the financial resources to pay for them. 3rd, much of the waste contains materials potentially valuable as inputs in biodiversity-based productive activities, as the import of sure materials is both plush and time-consuming. Fourth, the region has a number of communities organized for the commercialization of a variety of products in the different local and global value chains that could build the social and organizational infrastructure required to operate CE initiatives. Finally, as the region modernizes and urbanizes, allied to lack of basic urban services, there is the likelihood that the generation of large quantities of waste will threaten the pristineness of the region, so bring further powerful threats to its biodiversity. Accordingly, CE models to integrate urban policies, waste direction and agro-extractive activities are urgently needed in the Amazon region.

Hither, we present the concepts associated with a CE framework, which can be strengthened by incorporating many of the co-management initiatives already nowadays in various value chains in the region. This approach can exist used to connect the production of local goods and the generation of waste to the implementation of a CE strategy in small urban centers. We studied an example of an emerging system of CE in the municipality of Carauari, which borders the Juruá River in the western part of the Brazilian Amazon, a conservation hot spot where a series of promising CE and co-management initiatives have occurred. These could serve as models for the development of similar programs in other parts of Amazon.

CE every bit a means of sustainable urban evolution

CE has become an important concept to identifying solutions for sustainability, which can contribute to making urban development more than sustainable, and so raise the protection of the environment⁴. In this sense, CE can brand economic activities more than efficient and sustainable by facilitating the integration of productive bondage and changing the current linear economic model, based on extraction, production, use, and disposal^5,half-dozen. CE aims to recognize waste in one sector as potential sources of raw materials for other sectors, which may contribute to the elimination of unwanted waste and add value to productive activities^7,8.

The concept of CE has emerged as a means of conciliating the pressures from product systems on the environs and the consumption of natural resources^nine,10. CE is defined as a fashion to turn appurtenances that are at the end of their service life in one sector into resource for others, closing loops in industrial ecosystems and minimizing waste material^ten. The CE is presented both as a restorative and regenerative principle. Its goal is to keep products and materials at their highest possible level of utility and value past distinguishing their technological and biological cycles (Fig. 1). This allows the CE to address the challenges related to resource availability and direction, while too enabling the generation of economic growth, job, and income creation while, at the same fourth dimension, reducing environmental impacts and externalities, including climate change^5,10,eleven. CE in urban areas as well avoids pollution of soil and rivers, which can threaten certain species. Thus, it complements other strategies for biodiversity conservation, such as the creation of protected areas.

Fig. ane: Livelihoods and waste product production in Amazonia.

a Potential for integration between organic waste recovery and production and consumption activities in the Amazon and biodiversity-based value bondage; b co-management of Açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea) fruit; c co-management of Copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii) oil; d production of cassava flour; eastward co-direction of arapaima (Arapaima gigas); f co-management of Brazilian nut (Bertholletia excelsa); and g cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) fruit. Photos: b Hugo Costa, c, d, f, g Adriano Gambarini/OPAN, e Carlos Peres.

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In the CE framework, losses are "excluded from the outset", and the waste product that cannot exist reduced in a production procedure must exist viewed and transformed into raw materials and resource. Biological materials that are nontoxic can exist returned to the soil by composting or anaerobic digestion or direct reused by associated pour processes in other productive sectors. Artificial materials—polymers, glass, metal, and other materials created by man—tin be recovered, refurbished, and upgraded, so minimizing the corporeality of energy required for the system to operate, while maximizing value retentivity^{12,thirteen,14}. The Amazon has tremendous opportunities to strengthen the CE in small urban centers, as well equally presenting many challenges. Transport is expensive and fourth dimension-consuming, and distances are often peachy so that making the maximum use of resources becomes essential for minimizing costs. On the other paw, in that location are challenges to establishing the organizational arrangements for the CE model, since state presence is frequently light, technical back up frequently deficient, and waste direction logistics complicated. Thus, the utilization and strengthening of existing organizational models and capacities in other activities are key for managing the CE initiatives.

Co-management: the Seed for a CE

Worldwide, protected areas represent the main approach for conserving and protecting biodiversity and local livelihoods^12,fifteen. However, shortages in human being resource and funding often threaten and weaken the Brazilian protected area system^13,xiv, therefore, the creation of new of conservation and local development pathways is imperative. Formal partnerships with communities in small urban centers, such as co-management arrangements, represent a promising alternative for ensuring the alignment betwixt conservation of biodiversity and local wellbeing, increasing local governance, decentralizing conclusion making and reducing conservation costs^sixteen.

Co-management of natural resources is widely implemented in unlike regions of the Amazon. There is a vigorous discussion on the effectiveness of co-management to accomplish tangible outcomes for conservation and local evolution, considering that some examples can besides effect in conservation failures due to the asymmetry between the finite resource supply and the expansion of high-bear upon technologies to satisfy the increasing social demands¹⁷. This raises concerns, peculiarly for slow-growth hardwood species¹⁸, and low-fecundity game species¹⁷, which can be harvested only until resource depletion. Even so, there are some well-recognized principles that tin ensure cohesive arrangements toward successful community-based initiatives, including potent leadership, social capital, well-defined boundaries and explicitly formulated regulations^xix,20,21.

Brazilian Amazon hosts some successful examples of co-management, which have ensured strong ecological benefits, including the conservation and population recovery of many overexploited high-value species through territorial protection operated by local communities, many located in small-scale urban centers^{22,23,24,25,26}. At the same time, co-direction has besides ensured a large prepare of social benefits, including income generation, reduction of gender inequality, cultural maintenance, and increasing of social organizations and self-esteem of local communities^13,22,27,28.

In this context, co-management arrangements sally equally a promising conservation-development strategy integrating the bio-economy and strengthening the social rights of traditional communities¹⁴. Using this perspective, a swell variety of products derived from Amazonian biodiversity are commercialized, generating income for small urban centers, ensuring the local protection of nature, and providing income to communities²⁹. Well-established examples include the co-management initiatives of aquatic resources^22,26, and not-timber forest products, such as palm fruits, oils, seeds, basics, among others^xxx.

Co-direction of natural resource presents an opportunity in waste management³. The majority of waste (~90%) from agro-extractive industries and communities in pocket-sized urban centers is organic^31,32, and the integration of existing value-chains and the CE framework can provide a strong tool for achieving local development and sustainability (Fig. 1). In this framework, all organic waste (and nontoxic nonorganic fabric) tin be reused directly (via pour methods) in the municipalities where it is generated, every bit well as treated and reused in the pocket-sized urban centers themselves, or productive industries around them. Direct reuse could occur via mulching, which is a well-established agricultural technique used to cover the exposed soil with organic affair, such equally leaves, sticks, and pieces of wood, for diet, fertilization, and enrichment of the soil, likewise as for recovering and regenerating degraded areas. In that location is also the possibility of waste treatment through composting and anaerobic digestion, which could produce compost for agronomical production and/or biogas and energy^7,11, in add-on to sure waste types that can be processed for the production of animal feed, which can exist used equally nutrient for the growing aquiculture markets³³.

Dry and recyclable waste can have other destinations when repair and reuse are not possible in communities. Some operations, such as selective collection, reverse logistics, and recycling, are all-time operated by municipalities, states, and federal government, in add-on to the private initiatives³⁴. These actors have legal obligations within the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) in Brazil, for instance, including shared responsibility for the products' life cycle³⁵. Even though the NSWP has ambitious goals and responsibilities, its implementation is slow and enforcement weak. The shared responsibilities for the production life cycle are not a reality for many products.

An emerging CE system in the western Amazon

Significant areas within the Juruá River basin take an emerging system of CE based on the existing co-management of natural resources³⁶. The Juruá River is a major tributary of the Amazon River and extends some 2500 km in western parts of the states of Amazonas and Acre in north-western Brazil. The middle portion of the river hosts three protected areas and Indigenous country, which guarantees the protection of 3,202,158 hectares (Fig. two). The ethnic people produce almost exclusively organic waste, taking care of their own waste matter locally. Communities in the region have stiff social organizations, which have played a central role in the sustainable management of natural resources for external trade. The main economical activities have been developed with a diverseness of customs-based management practices for several natural resource, including palm fruits, oilseeds, rubber, agronomical products, and fish (Fig. 1)^23,26,37. A highly diverse natural resources-based economy managed by a strong governance organisation makes the Juruá River a promising place for the development of a model that integrates the concepts of CE and community-based management.

Fig. two: Juruá River: a bright spot on co-direction of natural resources.

a Juruá River, a major tributary of Amazonian River where local communities are starting to integrate the co-direction arrangements through circular economy principles. Solid blackness line indicates the boundaries of Carauari municipality; yellowish and pink polygons represent two sustainable-use protected areas, Sustainable Development Reserve of Uacari and Extractive Reserve of Medio jurua, respectively; b aeriform photo of Juruá river; and c) urban environment of Carauari. Photo: Marc Latzel.

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Carauari is the largest municipality (area of 25,778 km^two) and urban center in the Juruá basin (Fig. 2). Information technology is located approximately 787 km (in a direct line) from the state capital (Manaus). The municipality has a population of 28,076 inhabitants (in 2018) 76.vi% of which are urban¹. In 1977, the municipal population was 20,162 and simply 27.5% was urban, indicating a loftier urban population growth as many people abandoned rural activities and moved to the urban areas in search of better services. The Municipal Solid Waste Management System (MSWMS) includes the waste collection, transportation and final disposal in a landfill³⁸. Since 2014, recycling initiatives take been organized by a local recyclable materials association. However, due to logistical complexity, 40 tons of recyclables are taken to Manaus but every half dozen months, in a v-day boat trip, generating large costs, emissions and risks of accident.

In 2016, the municipality collected and sent 1700 tons of waste product to the landfill, which represented 0.215 kg/person solar day³. It seems significant that the daily boilerplate of generation per capita of waste matter is well below the national average, which is 0.95 kg/person 24-hour interval^three. The collection of waste in Carauari serves only the urban population in the main urban center (sede) with 21,507 inhabitants. Therefore, approximately 6569 people (23.iv%) in communities scattered along the river in small-scale breezy settlements do not take access to MSWMSⁱⁱⁱ. Inside the urban area, co-ordinate to local government records, 28 families declared themselves to exist recyclable cloth collectors, merely the quantities and destinations of this waste product are non known.

Communities living in small-scale urban centers on the banks of the Juruá River, which practice not have regular public waste collection services, have a fundamental function in the circular economic system, every bit many of these small communities are involved in local and global value chains and generate some waste material, which could be used locally in other processes. The generation of solid waste product in such pocket-sized urban centers reaches an average of 0.5 kg/person solar day³¹. Organic affair represents xc% of this waste and is reused mainly to feed animals or composted with forest waste in backyards. The dry solid inorganic wastes (10%) are reused (as glass and plastic packaging), burned or improperly disposed of in the open air. Every bit infrastructure services are practically not-real in this rural context, solid waste tin have serious ecology impacts, with negative effects on the population wellness, mainly resulting from inadequate handling of hazardous waste matter, such every bit batteries, light bulbs, oils, and others³¹. There is a need to connect these rural communities to the small urban centers and having these, in turn, class a network for strengthening CE opportunities.

Within the CE perspective, some initiatives have already been developed to mitigate the potential social and environmental impacts of inadequate waste management, and likewise generate economic benefits for local communities. Examples include the agroindustry that produces oils from andiroba (Carapa guianensis) and murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) for a big cosmetics company and reuses its waste³⁹, benefiting around 400 families. Later on the collection by these families, the seeds are processed in the agroindustry with the potential to process 36 tons/year of oils. For every ton of product, approximately 2 tons of waste is generated, giving potential for some twenty tons of waste product in 2019. The fruit peels were being reused in the forests by the communities themselves in home gardens for example, while the oilcake (approximately seventy% of the waste, or in this case 14 t/year) was being candy and turned into soap for local use.

Fisheries co-management is also an of import activity for communities along the Juruá River. One example of this is how local communities and indigenous peoples have been working to attain a local population recovery of the giant arapaima (Arapaima gigas), the largest scaled freshwater fish on Globe. This model aligns biodiversity conservation and social needs, then promoting a substantial increase in local well-being^22,27. Every year, communities used to harvest effectually 100 tons of candy fish within sustainable management rules, generating about 7500 kg of residues. Rural communities now accept advantage of this fabric, mixing it with the residues from other productive bondage to produce feed on which to rear freshwater turtles, some other high-value resource in the region. This strategy is important in ensuring the economical viability of customs-based management of freshwater turtles, some other successful program on the Juruá River²⁶. Such initiatives can contribute to the transition from the current linear model (waste direction and extraction of raw materials) to a model based on the CE (Fig. iii).

Fig. 3: Co-management and circular economy.

Proposal for the Integration of Waste matter Management Systems and Agro-Extractive Activities using Round Economy concepts and structures.

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Future directions

Models like the one from the Carauari municipality in the Juruá region show the kind of alternatives that tin can be used to expand CE initiatives in areas surrounding small urban centers in the Amazon, as there are several localities where co-management initiatives are in operation that both protect local biodiversity and generate value in value chains. The integration of co-management and CE is a clear instance to strengthen and expand sustainable urbanization linked to biodiversity-based agro-industries. An over-exploitation of biodiversity-based products that are valuable in the market place can atomic number 82 to the extinction of some species, as has happened forth with Brazilian history. In early colonial history, Brazil experienced the almost extinction of Pau-Brasil (Paubrasilia echinata), the tree that gives the proper name to the state, as it was over-harvested to produce die for clothes in Europe. However, overexploitation of natural resources can exist avoided by following some tangible ecological principles, including the harvesting quota and establishment of no-take harvesting zones²³.

Recently, more 1200 scientists suggested that one mode to recover the Brazilian governance of ecosystem services to develop sustainable agro-industries, including the expansion of biodiversity-based production systems^xiv. Although promising, this strategy depends on initial external back up, due to the axiomatic lack of investment and local capacity to scale it up. There is an urgent demand to invest in logistics, infrastructure, and capacity edifice in Amazon to provide sustainable livelihood alternatives to the local, increasingly urban, population, while at the aforementioned time taking into account all local environmental complexities to ensure a proper model that tin can deliver potent socioeconomic and ecological outcomes^thirty. Infrastructure investments include refrigeration boats, equipment for processing native fruits, and frozen warehouses for fish. In addition, at that place is a need to overcome the main bottlenecks to recycling concatenation establishment, and ensure the transition to a CE model, by, for instance, supporting the diagnosis of existing value chains to accurately estimate product and waste menses and how these might be integrated; quantifying dry and recyclable waste product; providing logistic support for productive sectors in supporting reverse remanufacturing; as well as analyzing the main infrastructure in the region to promote productive sector interconnectivity.

At that place is no one-fits-all solution to ensure a sustainable future for the Amazon, but the overall key to doing so certainly lies in how to conciliate the conservation of biodiversity, urbanization, and local development. Although political support not ever trend in this direction¹⁴, the alignment between co-management arrangements and CE framework can generate important socio-ecological outcomes, including food and free energy security; reduction of certain product costs and environmental impacts; and increase in added value to the region'south production chains. Brazilian society, the international community, and the market players should work together with the Brazilian government towards a more sustainable policy for the Amazon, with a special focus on small urban communities and biodiversity assets that can generate wealth and well-being with the continuing living wood. Using existing co-direction practices to strengthen CE initiatives in the urban areas of the region could course one of the pillars for promoting a sustainable pathway model within the Amazon.

Data availability

All relevant data and information used are available in this article. Complementary data tin can exist obtained with the authors under asking.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express gratitude to FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation) for the postdoctoral fellowship awarded to Dr. Paes (Grant #2018/16542-0). Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira acknowledges the support of FAPESP (Grant #2017/50425-nine and Grant # 2017/003519), CAPES (Grant #88881.310380/2018-01), and CNPq (Grant #442472/2020). J.Five.C.-Southward. acknowledge his postdoc position (grant No. 295650) funded by Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA articulation telephone call for research proposals, under the BiodivScen ERA-Net COFUND program, and with the funding organizations French National Enquiry Agency (ANR), São Paulo Enquiry Foundation (FAPESP), National Science Foundation (NSF), the Research Council of Norway, and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The authors also thank Hugo C.M. Costa and Jaqueline Orlando for assistance with the Figures. The authors also thank Adriano Gambarini and OPAN for photos c, d, f, and g in Fig. 1, Hugo C.M. Costa for the photograph b in Fig. one, Carlos Peres for photo e in Fig. 1, and Mark Latzel for the photo b in Fig. ii. The authors would like to limited gratitude to Adrian Barnett for editing the newspaper.

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Author notes

1. These authors contributed every bit: Michel Xocaira Paes, João Vitor Campos-Silva, José Antonio Puppim de Oliveira.

Affiliations

1. Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), São Paulo School of Management (FGV/EAESP), São Paulo, Brazil

   Michel Xocaira Paes & José Antonio Puppim de Oliveira

2. Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Kingdom of norway

   João Vitor Campos-Silva

3. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas east da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil

   João Vitor Campos-Silva

4. Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), Brazilian Schoolhouse of Public and Business Administration (FGV/EBAPE), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

   José Antonio Puppim de Oliveira

5. Found for Global Public Policy (IGPP), Fudan University, Shanghai, China

   José Antonio Puppim de Oliveira

Contributions

One thousand.X.P., J.Five.C.S. and J.A.P.O. participated in all stages of the work (conceptualization, methodology, information acquisition, writing, and review).

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Correspondence to Michel Xocaira Paes, João Vitor Campos-Silva or José Antonio Puppim de Oliveira.

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Paes, M.Ten., Campos-Silva, J.Five. & de Oliveira, J.A.P. Integrating circular economy in urban Amazon. npj Urban Sustain ane, 29 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-021-00031-z

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• Received: 27 August 2020

• Accepted: 01 April 2021

• Published: 08 July 2021

• DOI : https://doi.org/x.1038/s42949-021-00031-z

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Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-021-00031-z

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